Captive panel fastener assembly

ABSTRACT

A fastener assembly for installation within a work piece, the fastener assembly including a bolt, a retainer ring, and a housing that houses the retainer ring. The housing is positioned at and engages one side of the work piece, while the bolt is inserted into a hole of the work piece on an opposite side thereof. The retainer ring engages the bolt such that a plurality of pressure pads extending from a plurality of corresponding spring beam elements of the retainer ring reside in an annular groove of the bolt. The housing captivates the bolt onto the work piece, while providing a positive hold out of the bolt.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/159,584 entitled CAPTIVE PANEL FASTENER ASSEMBLY, filed on Jun. 14,2011, which application relates to and claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/397,617 entitled “CAPTIVE PANELFASTENER ASSEMBLY”, filed Jun. 14, 2010 and U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 61/397,618 entitled “RETAINER RING,” filed Jun. 14,2010, the entireties of all of which are incorporated herein byreference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to fasteners and, more particularly, tocaptive panel fastener assemblies.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In certain applications, it is desirable to retain (i.e., captivate) abolt, screw or the like onto a structure while providing the ability tohold the bolt in a position where a head of the bolt is held away fromthe structure (i.e., in a hold-out position). In addition, grommets havebeen used as hole liners to protect the structure from fastener usageand wear. What is needed is a fastener that facilitates captivation andbolt hold-out in conjunction with a grommet.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In an embodiment, a fastener includes a bolt having an elongated shankportion adapted to be positioned within an opening of a work piece, thework piece having a first side and a second side opposite the firstside, the elongated shank portion having a first end, a second endopposite the first end, a head formed at the first end, a threadedportion having a plurality of external bolt threads, the threadedportion being adapted to extend past the second side of the work piece,and an annular groove formed proximate to the second end; a housinghaving an interior portion; and a retainer ring housed within theinterior portion of the housing, wherein the elongated shank portion ofthe bolt is adapted to be installed through the housing, such that theretainer ring engages the annular groove of the bolt. In an embodiment,the retainer ring includes an outer ring having an interior surface andat least one spring beam element extending from the interior surface,wherein when the bolt engages the retainer ring, the at least one springbeam element is displaced and expands radially from a free position toan expanded position in order to enable the bolt to travel through theretainer ring, and wherein when the retainer ring engages and alignswith the annular groove of the bolt, the at least one spring beamelement springs back to its free position.

In an embodiment, the housing includes an outer wall having a pluralityof slots, an inner wall having a plurality of windows, and a channelbetween the outer wall and the inner wall, wherein the retainer ringincludes a plurality of arms, each of which are positioned within thechannel of the housing, wherein each of the plurality of arms of theretainer ring includes a first end having an engagement member residingwithin a corresponding one of the plurality of windows of the inner wallof the housing, and a second end having a hook member engaging acorresponding one of the plurality of slots of the outer wall of thehousing. In an embodiment, each of the engagement members is V-shaped,and each of the hook members is U-shaped. In an embodiment, each of theplurality of arms of the retainer ring are separate and distinct fromone another.

In an embodiment, the housing includes an outer wall, a plurality ofinner walls, a pair of channels, one of which is positioned between theouter wall and one of the pair of inner walls and the other of which ispositioned between the outer wall and the other of the pair of innerwalls, and a pair of windows, each of which is positioned between thepair of inner walls, wherein the retainer ring includes a pair of armseach of which includes a first end, a second end, an inner surface, anda tab portion extending from the inner surface and positionedintermediate the first and second ends of the arm, wherein each of thepair of arms of the retainer ring is positioned within a correspondingone of the pair of channels of the housing, and each of the innersurfaces of the arms engage a corresponding one of the pair of innerwalls of the housing, and each of the tab portions of the pair of armsis positioned within a corresponding one of the pair of windows of thehousing. In an embodiment, each of the pair of windows of the housingincludes a stop surface, and wherein each of the tab portions of thepair of arms of the retainer ring includes a pressure pad, wherein wheneach of the pair of arms is in its expanded position, each of thepressure pads contacts a corresponding one of the stop surfaces of thehousing.

In an embodiment, the housing includes an outer wall, a pair of innerwalls, a channel between the outer wall and the pair of inner walls, anda pair of windows, each of which is positioned between the pair of innerwalls and includes a stop surface, wherein the outer wall includes aninner surface and a pair of tabs extending from the inner surface andinto the channel, wherein the retainer ring includes a pair of arms,each of which includes a first end having a hook member, a second endhaving a tab portion, and an inner surface, wherein the pair of arms ofthe retainer ring is housed within the channel of the housing, and eachof the inner surfaces of the pair of arms engages a corresponding one ofthe pair of inner walls of the housing, each of the hook members of thepair of arms engages a corresponding one of the inner walls of thehousing and a corresponding one of the pair of tabs of the housing, andeach of the tab portions of the pair of arms is positioned within acorresponding one of the pair of windows of the housing.

In an embodiment, each of the pair of windows of the housing includes astop surface, and wherein each of the tab portions of the pair of armsof the retainer ring includes a pressure pad, wherein when each of thepair of arms is in its expanded position, each of the pressure padscontacts a corresponding one of the stop surfaces of the housing. In anembodiment, the pair of tabs of the housing are diametrically opposed toone another. In an embodiment, each of the pair of arms of the retainerring is separate and distinct from one another. In an embodiment, theinner walls of the housing are offset from another.

In an embodiment, a fastener includes a bolt having an elongated shankportion adapted to be positioned within an opening of a work piece, thework piece having a first side and a second side opposite the firstside, the elongated shank portion having a first end, a second endopposite the first end, a head formed at the first end, a threadedportion having a plurality of external bolt threads, the threadedportion being adapted to extend past the second side of the work piece,and an annular groove formed proximate to the second end; and a housinghaving an outer wall with an inner surface, an inner wall having aplurality of windows extending therethrough, a channel between the outerwall and the inner wall, and a plurality of pawls, each of which ispositioned slidably within a corresponding one of the plurality ofwindows and moveable between an engagement position and a displacedposition, wherein the elongated shank portion of the bolt is adapted tobe installed through the housing, such that the plurality of pawlsengages the annular groove of the bolt when the pawls are in theirengaged positions.

In an embodiment, the housing includes a plurality of springs, each ofwhich is positioned radially within the channel between a correspondingone of the plurality of pawls and the inner surface of the outer wall.In an embodiment, each of the plurality of pawls includes a pressure padadapted to engage the annular groove of the bolt. In an embodiment, eachof the plurality of pawls includes an aperture that is sized and shapedto receive one end of a corresponding one of the plurality of springs.

In an embodiment, a bolt having an elongated shank portion adapted to bepositioned within an opening of a work piece, the work piece having afirst side and a second side opposite the first side, the elongatedshank portion having a first end, a second end opposite the first end, ahead formed at the first end, a threaded portion having a plurality ofexternal bolt threads, the threaded portion being adapted to extend pastthe second side of the work piece, and an annular groove formedproximate to the second end; and a retainer ring including an outer ringhaving an interior surface and at least one spring beam elementextending from the interior surface, wherein when the bolt engages theretainer ring, the at least one spring beam element is displaced andexpands radially from a free position to an expanded position in orderto enable the bolt to travel through the retainer ring, and wherein whenthe retainer ring engages and aligns with the annular groove of thebolt, the at least one spring beam element springs back to its freeposition.

In an embodiment, the captive panel fastener may be used with accesspanels, such as those found on commercial or military aircraft. In otherembodiments, the fastener may be used with any type of suitable panels,structures, or work pieces and in other types of fields andapplications.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Reference is made to the following detailed description of theembodiments considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, inwhich:

FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a captive panel fastener inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 1A is a cross sectional view of a bolt employed by the captivepanel fastener shown in FIG. 1;

FIGS. 2A through 2D are bottom and top perspective views of an uppergrommet employed by the captive panel fastener shown in FIG. 1;

FIGS. 3A through 3D are bottom and top perspective views of a lowergrommet employed by the captive panel fastener shown in FIG. 1;

FIGS. 4A and 4B are top and bottom perspective views of a retainer ringemployed by the captive panel fastener shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 4C is a bottom perspective view of another embodiment of a retainerring;

FIGS. 5A through 5D are bottom and top perspective views of a housingemployed by the captive panel fastener shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the retainer ring shown in FIGS. 4A and4B housed within the housing shown in FIGS. 5A through 5D;

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the captive panel fastener shown inFIG. 1, as assembled, captivated onto a work piece, with the bolt in afully retracted, hold-out position;

FIGS. 8A and 8B are quarter-sectional views of a grommet assemblyemployed by the captive panel fastener shown in FIG. 7, as assembled,but without the bolt;

FIGS. 9A through 9C are perspective views of the captive panel fastenershown in FIG. 1, as assembled;

FIGS. 10A through 10C are cross-sectional views of the assembled captivepanel fastener shown in FIGS. 9A through 9C;

FIGS. 11A through 11C are quarter-sectional views of the assembledcaptive panel fastener shown in FIGS. 9A through 9C;

FIGS. 12A through 12C are cross-sectional views of a captive panelfastener in accordance with another embodiment;

FIGS. 13A through 13D are bottom and top perspective views of a grommetemployed by the captive panel fastener shown in FIGS. 12A through 12C;

FIGS. 14A through 14C are cross-sectional views of a captive panelfastener in accordance with another embodiment;

FIGS. 15A through 15D are bottom and top perspective views of a grommetemployed by the captive panel fastener shown in FIGS. 14A through 14C;

FIGS. 16A and 16B are perspective views of another embodiment of acaptive panel fastener;

FIGS. 17A and 17B show another embodiment of a retainer ring and itsassociated housing;

FIGS. 18A and 18B show another embodiment of a retainer ring and itsassociated housing;

FIGS. 19A and 19B show another embodiment of a retainer ring and itsassociated housing; and

FIG. 20 is a top perspective view of another embodiment of a housing andsliding pawl retaining system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Referring to FIG. 1, a captive panel fastener 10 includes a bolt 12 anda grommet assembly 14 attached to the bolt 12. In an embodiment, thegrommet assembly 14 includes an upper grommet 16, a lower grommet 18, aretainer ring 20, and a housing 22. The bolt 12 and the grommet assembly14 shall be described in more detail below.

Referring to FIG. 1A, in an embodiment, the bolt 12 includes anelongated shank portion 24 having a first end 26 and a second end 28opposite the first end 26, and a head 30 formed at the first end 26. Inan embodiment, the head 30 consists of a countersunk head. In otherembodiments, the head 30 may consist of a protruding head or any othertype of head-shape and size known in the art. In an embodiment, the head30 includes a drive 32 that is sized and shaped to receive a drive tool,such as a wrench, a screwdriver, or the like. In an embodiment, thedrive 32 can consist of any shape and size known in the art. In anembodiment, the shank portion 24 includes a substantially smooth,cylindrical-shaped portion 34 and a threaded portion 36 having aplurality of external threads 38. In an embodiment, the threads 38 arehelical. In other embodiments, the threads 38 may include any other typeof thread form known in the art. In an embodiment, the smooth,cylindrical portion 34 need not be included, and the threads 38 canextend substantially the entire length of the shank portion 24. In anembodiment, the threaded portion 38 includes an annular groove 40 formedproximate to the second end 28 thereof. In an embodiment, the annulargroove 40 is coincident with the threads 38. In an embodiment, the bolt12 includes threads 38 below the annular groove 40 and proximate to thesecond end 28. In an embodiment, the annular groove 40 is defined by afirst annular portion 42 that extends approximately perpendicular to thelongitudinal axis A-A of the bolt 12, and a second ramped portion 44that extends angularly from the longitudinal axis A-A of the bolt 12.The purpose and function of the annular groove 40 shall be describedhereinafter. In an embodiment, the bolt 12 is made of steel. In otherembodiments, the bolt 12 may be made from other suitable materials knownin the art. In another embodiment, the fastener 10 may include a screwor other pin members known in the art, instead of the bolt 12.

Referring to FIGS. 2A through 2D, in an embodiment, the upper grommet 16includes a tubular-shaped receptacle 46 having a circular-shapedaperture 48, and a head 50 extending from the receptacle 46. In anembodiment, the head 50 is flared. In an embodiment, the head 50includes an exterior surface 52, an interior surface 54, and an annularpocket (i.e., depression) 56 formed within the interior surface 54intermediate an upper end 58 and a lower end 60 of the upper grommet 16.The purpose and function of the pocket 56 shall be describedhereinafter. In an embodiment, the upper grommet 16 is made fromstainless steel. In other embodiments, the upper grommet 16 can be madefrom titanium or other suitable materials known in the art. In anotherembodiment, the fastener 10 need not include the upper grommet 16, whichwill be described hereinbelow.

Referring to FIGS. 3A through 3D, in an embodiment, the lower grommet 18includes a tubular portion 62 having a circular-shaped aperture 64, aflared portion 66 extending from one end, and a circular-shaped basemember 68 extending from an opposite end. The base member 68 includes atop surface 70 and an annular compressive wall 72 extending from the topsurface 70 and forming an interior portion 74. In an embodiment, thelower grommet 18 is made from stainless steel. In other embodiments, thelower grommet 18 can be made from titanium or other suitable materialsknown in the art.

Referring to FIGS. 4A and 4B, in an embodiment, the retainer ring 20includes an outer ring 76 having an exterior surface 78, an interiorsurface 80, and a plurality of spring beam elements 82 extendinginwardly from the interior surface 80. In an embodiment, each of thespring beam elements 82 includes an elongated arm 84 having a first end86 attached integrally to the interior surface 80 of the outer ring 76,and a second, free end 88 opposite the first end 86. In an embodiment, aslot 90 is formed between each of the arms 84 and the interior surface80 of the outer ring 76. The slots 90 allow for deflection of the springbeam elements 82. In an embodiment, each of the arms 84 is curvilinearin shape and is positioned concentrically with the outer ring 76. In anembodiment, the outer ring 76 is continuous. In another embodiment, theouter ring 76 need not be continuous, and rather than the spring beamelements 82 being curvilinear in shape, they can be configured to extendfrom one point on the outer ring 76 in a direction toward another pointon the outer ring 76 while not passing through the center of theretainer ring 20 (not shown in the Figures).

Still referring to FIGS. 4A and 4B, in an embodiment, each of free ends88 of the arms 84 includes a tab portion 92. In an embodiment, each ofthe tab portions 92 extends substantially perpendicular to and in thesame plane as the corresponding free end 88 of the arm 84. In anembodiment, a pressure pad 94 extends from each of a corresponding oneof the tab portions 92. In an embodiment, each of the pressure pads 94includes an outer surface 95 (see FIG. 4A). In an embodiment, each ofthe pressure pads 94 extends perpendicular to the corresponding arm 84in a second direction, i.e., 90 degrees from the plane in which theretainer ring 20 lies. In an embodiment, each of the tab portions 92 isgenerally wider than the corresponding spring beam element 82 and issized to resist shear load action on the spring beam element 82. In anembodiment, each of the pressure pads 94 is thicker than the nominalthickness of the retainer ring 20. In an embodiment, a centrally-locatedaperture 96 is formed between the free ends 88 of the beam elements 82.As to be described below, the aperture 96 is sized and shaped to receivethe bolt 12.

In an embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, the retainer ring 20includes three of the spring beam elements 82. In another embodiment, asshown in FIG. 4C, the retainer ring 20 may include two of the springbeam elements 82. In other embodiments, the retainer ring 20 may includeone of the spring beam elements 82 or more than three of the spring beamelements 82 (not shown in the Figures). In an embodiment, the retainerring 20 is made from a beta-Titanium alloy. In other embodiments, theretainer ring 20 is made from stainless steel or other suitablematerials known in the art.

Referring to FIGS. 5A through 5D, in an embodiment, the housing 22includes a first surface 98 and a second surface 100 opposite the firstsurface 98, an circular-shaped outer wall 102 extending from the secondsurface 100, and a circular-shaped inner wall 104 extending from thesecond surface 100 and spaced apart from and concentric with the outerwall 102. In an embodiment, the outer and inner walls 102, 104 form acircular-shaped channel 106. In an embodiment, a centrally located,circular-shaped aperture 108 extends from the first surface 98 to thesecond surface 100. In an embodiment, the inner wall 104 includes aplurality of windows 110 extending therethrough, each of which includesa stop surface 112. The purpose and function of the windows 110 and thestop surfaces 112 shall be described hereinafter. In an embodiment, thehousing 22 is made from stainless steel. In other embodiments, thehousing 22 may be made from other suitable materials known in the art.

Referring to FIG. 6, in an embodiment, the housing 22 is sized andshaped to house the retainer ring 20. In an embodiment, an innerdiameter of the outer wall 102 of the housing 22 is larger than theouter diameter of the outer ring 76 of the retainer ring 20 in order forthe housing 22 to receive the retainer ring 20 within the channel 106.In an embodiment, when the retainer ring 20 is housed within the housing22, each of the windows 110 of the housing 22 is sized and shaped toreceive a corresponding one of the tab portions 92 of the retainer ring20. In an embodiment, the pressure pads 94 of the retainer ring 20extend freely within the aperture 108 of the housing 22, while the arms84 of the spring beam elements 82 of the retainer ring 20 lie within thechannel 106 and are juxtaposed with the inner wall 104 of the housing22. As to be described in more detail below, in an embodiment, each ofthe spring beam elements 82 are moveable between a free position, inwhich each of the pressure pads 94 of the retainer ring 20 resideswithin its corresponding one of the windows 110 of the housing 22, to anexpanded position, in which the outer surface 95 of the pressure pad 94contacts the corresponding stop surface 112. In an embodiment, the slots90 allow for such movement of the spring beam elements 82. Accordingly,in an embodiment, the travel of the spring beam elements 82 are impededby the stop sections 112 when the spring beam elements 82 are in theirexpanded positions. In an embodiment, the windows 110 allow the tabportions 92 to protrude inside the internal diameter of the grommetassembly 14.

Referring to FIG. 7, the fastener 10 is installed within a work piece114 having a first side 116 and a second side 118 opposite the firstside 116, and a hole 120 extending from the first side 116 to the secondside 118. In an embodiment, the work piece 114 is a panel. In anembodiment, the work piece 114 is a carbon fiber reinforced structure.In an embodiment, the upper grommet 16 is inserted into the hole 120 ofthe work piece 114. In an embodiment, the hole 120 includes acountersunk area 122 formed at the first side 116 and sized and shapedto receive the head 50 of the upper grommet 16 so that the top of thehead 50 is flush with the first side 116 of the work piece 114. In anembodiment, the upper grommet 16 lines the countersunk area 122 of thehole 120 in order to protect the work piece 114 from wear and usage. Inan embodiment, the fastener 10 need not include the upper grommet 16.

Referring to FIGS. 7, 8A and 8B, in an embodiment, the tubular portion62 of the lower grommet 18, which is originally configured without theflared portion 66 (not shown in the Figures), is inserted into theaperture 48 of the receptacle 46 of the upper grommet 16 from the secondside 118 of the work piece 114. In an embodiment, the receptacle 46 ofthe upper grommet 16 is sized and shaped to receive the tubular portion62 of the lower grommet 18. In an embodiment, the flared portion 66 isthen formed by mechanically flaring or swaging the top of the tubularportion 62 of the lower grommet 18, such that the flared portion 66 sitswithin the annular pocket 56 of the upper grommet 16. In an embodiment,the top surface 70 of the base member 68 of the lower grommet 18 isjuxtaposed with the second side 118 of the work piece 114 (see FIG. 7).

Next, in an embodiment, the retainer ring 20 is assembled with thehousing 22 as described above and shown in FIG. 6, and the assembly isinserted within the interior portion 74 of the lower grommet 18, asshown in FIG. 7. In an embodiment, the inner diameter of the interiorportion 74 of the base member 68 of the lower grommet 18 is larger thanthe outer diameter of the housing 22 and is sized and shaped to receivethe housing 22. In an embodiment, a lower end 73 of the annularcompressive wall 72 is then compressed about its periphery toencapsulate the retainer ring 20 and the housing 22 within the interiorportion 74 of the lower grommet 18 and to prevent the retainer ring 20and the housing 22 from escaping (see FIG. 7). This completes theassembly of the grommet assembly 14.

Next, referring to FIGS. 7 and 9A through 9C, in an embodiment, thesecond end 28 of the bolt 12 is inserted into the grommet assembly 14from the first side 116 of the work piece 114, such that the threadedportion 36 of the shank 24 enters the apertures 48, 64 of the upper andlower grommets 16, 18, respectively (the apertures 48, 64 being shown inFIGS. 2A and 3A, respectively), until the second end 28 of the bolt 12reaches and engages the retainer ring 20. In an embodiment, as the bolt12 engages the retainer ring 20, the spring beam elements 82 aredisplaced and expand radially from their free state position to theirexpanded position in order to enable the bolt 12 to travel within theaperture 96 of the retainer ring 20 (which is shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B).As mentioned above, in an embodiment, the spring beam elements 82 canradially expand until the pressure pads 94 engage the stop surfaces 112of the housing 22, so as to prevent the spring beam elements 82 fromtraveling too far and permanently deforming (see FIG. 6). Thus, in anembodiment, the position of the pressure pads 94 on the tab portions 92is configured to limit the travel of the spring beam elements 82 as theycome in contact with the stop surfaces 112 of the windows 110. In anembodiment, this provides a limit to the stress on the spring beamelements 82 when the retainer ring 20 is housed in the grommet assembly14. In an embodiment, the interior surface 80 of the outer ring 76 ofthe retainer ring 20 acts as a second limit to the deflection of thespring beam elements 82 (see FIG. 6).

In an embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 7 and 11C, as the bolt 12 is pushedinto the retainer ring 20 and the pressure pads 94 engage and align withthe annular groove 40 of the bolt 12, the spring beam elements 82 springback from their expanded positions to their free state positions. Inthis manner, in an embodiment, the pressure pads 94 engage and residewithin the annular groove 40, resulting in the bolt 12 being captivatedto the grommet assembly 14. As shown in FIG. 7, the bolt 12 is in a fullhold-out position. In an embodiment, the ramped portion 44 of the bolt12 enables it to be inserted further into the work piece 114 through thegrommet assembly 14 so as to expose the threaded portion 36 of the bolt12 from the second side 118 of the work piece 114 to receive a lockingmember, such as a nut, collar or the like (not shown in the Figures). Inan embodiment, the bolt 12 can also be retracted back to the hold-outposition. In one or more embodiments, the retainer ring 20 is sized andshaped to slide over the threaded portion 36 of the bolt 12 with littleresistance. In an embodiment, the first annular portion 42 inhibits thebolt 12 from being decaptivated from the grommet assembly 14. FIGS. 10Athrough 11C further show various cross-sectional views of the assembledfastener 10.

In an embodiment, the pressure pads 94 distribute the bearing loads andenable the retainer ring 20 to straddle two adjacent threads 38 of thebolt 12 and slide over the threads 38 without impedance. In one or moreembodiments, the thickness of the pressure pads 94 can be symmetric tothe thickness of the retainer ring 20 or it can asymmetric with thethickness of the retainer ring 20.

In an embodiment, as mentioned above, the fastener 10 provides for holdout of the bolt 12 while captivating the bolt 12 to the grommet assembly14 and the work piece 114 upon which it is installed. In its free state,the retainer ring 20 resides in the annular groove 40 at the second end28 of the bolt 12 to captivate the bolt 12 to the grommet assembly 14.In an embodiment, the intersection of the threads 38 and the annulargroove 40 provides a bearing surface for the retainer ring 20 to limitthe axial travel of the bolt 12 and to inhibit the bolt 12 from beingremoved from the grommet assembly 14. In an embodiment, the bolt 12resides in the “full retracted position,” in which the bolt 12 is in aposition where the head 30 of the bolt 12 is at a maximum distance fromthe grommet assembly 14 while still being captivated unto the work piece114 by the grommet assembly 14. In an embodiment, this feature whichprovides resistance to remove the bolt 12 from the work piece 114 ismeasured by pushing on the bolt 12 to remove it from the work piece 114.In an embodiment, the bolt 12 is free to be moved axially from theposition where the head 30 of the bolt 12 is at maximum distance fromthe work piece to where the head 30 of the bolt 12 is in contact withthe grommet assembly 14 with an amount of force. In an embodiment, thisforce is 10 lbs. However, in an embodiment, the grommet assembly 14 willhold the bolt 12 stationary in any axial position until an externalforce is applied by a user. The ability of the grommet assembly 14 tohold the bolt 12 stationary is commonly referred to as “bolt hold out”.In an embodiment, the bolt 12 is a solid piece with no hollow portionsin the shank portion 24; and, therefore, the full strength of the bolt12 is utilized.

In an embodiment, the retainer ring 20 has a radial displacement whichis capable of contracting in its free state to a diameter equivalent toa minor diameter of the threaded portion 36 of the bolt 12. In theexpanded condition, an embodiment of the retainer ring 20 is capable ofpassing over a major diameter of the threaded portion 36. In anembodiment, the retainer ring 20 is capable of displacement from thefree-state to the expanded state without exceeding the elastic limit ofthe retainer ring 20. In an embodiment, the retainer ring 20 holds orfixes the bolt 12 which it accommodates. That is, the retainer ring 20will hold the bolt 12 in a position concentric to the central axis ofthe retainer ring 20 while restricting the axial movement of the bolt 12through the retainer ring 20. In an embodiment, movement of the bolt 12through the retainer ring 20 requires the application of an externalforce to overcome the restriction of the ring 20. In an embodiment, therestriction of the retainer ring 20 can be adjusted by sizing the springbeam elements 82.

In an embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 5C and 5D, the outer wall 102 of thehousing 22 has a first thickness t1, while the inner wall 104 of thehousing 22 has a second thickness t2, which are selected to support highcompressive loading, especially prevalent when the work piece 114 (e.g.,a panel) is thin. In an embodiment, as used herein, the term “highcompressive loading” means a load falling within a range from about 800lbf to about 6,500 lbf for fastener sizes ranging from 3/16″ (0.1875inch) to ⅜″ (0.375 inch). In an embodiment, as used herein, the term“thin” in relation to fastener size means when the thickness of the workpiece 114 (e.g., a panel) is inferior to the nominal diameter of thefastener 10. For example, when the work piece 114 is thin and a highcompressive load is applied, the work piece 114 deflects toward thelocking member (e.g., a nut) (not shown in the Figures). When thisoccurs, it squeezes the housing 22 until it comes in contact with theretainer ring 22. As a result, the arms 84 of the retainer ring 22 areremain free and do not become disabled.

In an embodiment, the thickness t1 of the outer wall 102 of the housing22 is in the range of about 0.015 inch (15 mil) to about 0.085 inch (85mil). In another embodiment, the thickness t1 is in the range of about0.0215 inch (21.5 mil) to about 0.025 inch (25 mil). In anotherembodiment, the thickness t1 is in the range of about 0.021 inch (21mil) to about 0.030 inch (30 mil). In another embodiment, the thicknesst1 is in the range of about 0.0205 inch (20.5 mil) to about 0.035 inch(35 mil). In another embodiment, the thickness t1 is in the range ofabout 0.020 inch (20 mil) to about 0.040 inch (40 mil). In anotherembodiment, the thickness t1 is in the range of about 0.0195 inch (19.5mil) to about 0.045 inch (45 mil). In another embodiment, the thicknesst1 is in the range of about 0.0190 inch (19 mil) to about 0.050 inch (50mil). In another embodiment, the thickness t1 is in the range of about0.0185 inch (18.5 mil) to about 0.055 inch (55 mil). In anotherembodiment, the thickness t1 is in the range of about 0.018 inch (18mil) to about 0.060 inch (60 mil). In another embodiment, the thicknesst1 is in the range of about 0.0175 inch (17.5 mil) to about 0.065 inch(65 mil). In another embodiment, the thickness t1 is in the range ofabout 0.0170 inch (17 mil) to about 0.070 inch (70 mil). In anotherembodiment, the thickness t1 is in the range of about 0.0165 inch (16.5mil) to about 0.075 inch (75 mil). In another embodiment, the thicknesst1 is in the range of about 0.016 inch (16 mil) to about 0.080 inch (80mil).

In an embodiment, the thickness t2 of the inner wall 104 of the housing22 is in the range of about 0.015 inch (15 mil) to about 0.085 inch (85mil). In another embodiment, the thickness t2 is in the range of about0.070 inch (70 mil) to about 0.080 inch (80 mil). In another embodiment,the thickness t2 is in the range of about 0.065 inch (65 mil) to about0.075 inch (75 mil). In another embodiment, the thickness t2 is in therange of about 0.060 inch (60 mil) to about 0.072 inch (72 mil). Inanother embodiment, the thickness t2 is in the range of about 0.055 inch(55 mil) to about 0.069 inch (69 mil). In another embodiment, thethickness t2 is in the range of about 0.050 inch (50 mil) to about 0.066inch (66 mil). In another embodiment, the thickness t2 is in the rangeof about 0.045 inch (45 mil) to about 0.063 inch (63 mil). In anotherembodiment, the thickness t2 is in the range of about 0.040 inch (40mil) to about 0.060 inch (60 mil). In another embodiment, the thicknesst2 is in the range of about 0.035 inch (35 mil) to about 0.057 inch (57mil). In another embodiment, the thickness t2 is in the range of about0.030 inch (30 mil) to about 0.054 inch (54 mil). In another embodiment,the thickness t2 is in the range of about 0.025 inch (25 mil) to about0.051 inch (51 mil). In another embodiment, the thickness t2 is in therange of about 0.020 inch (20 mil) to about 0.048 inch (48 mil). Inanother embodiment, the thickness t2 is in the range of about 0.0195inch (19.5 mil) to about 0.045 inch (45 mil). In another embodiment, thethickness t2 is in the range of about 0.019 inch (19 mil) to about 0.042inch (42 mil). In another embodiment, the thickness t2 is in the rangeof about 0.0185 inch (18.5 mil) to about 0.039 inch (39 mil). In anotherembodiment, the thickness t2 is in the range of about 0.018 inch (18mil) to about 0.036 inch (36 mil). In another embodiment, the thicknesst2 is in the range of about 0.0175 inch (17.5 mil) to about 0.033 inch(33 mil). In another embodiment, the thickness t2 is in the range ofabout 0.0170 inch (17.0 mil) to about 0.030 inch (30 mil). In anotherembodiment, the thickness t2 is in the range of about 0.0165 inch (16.5mil) to about 0.027 inch (27 mil). In another embodiment, the thicknesst2 is in the range of about 0.016 inch (16 mil) to about 0.024 inch (24mil). In another embodiment, the thickness t2 is in the range of about0.0155 inch (15.5 mil) to about 0.021 inch (21 mil).

It will be understood that the fastener 10 described herein is merelyexemplary and that a person skilled in the art may make many variationsand modifications without departing from the full spirit and the scopeof the embodiments described herein. For example, in an embodiment, thefastener 10 need not include the upper grommet 16, and the lower grommet18 can be attached to work piece 114 directly. In this regard, referringto FIGS. 12A through 12C and 13A through 13D, in an embodiment, acaptive panel fastener 210 includes a bolt 212, a one-piece grommet 215,a retainer ring 220, and a housing 222. The fastener 210 is structuredand functions similar to the fastener 10 described above, except thatthe grommet 215 is attached directly to the work piece 314 by a flaredportion 266 (see FIGS. 3A through 3D). In another embodiment, referringto FIGS. 14A through 14C and 15A through 15D, a captive panel fastener410 includes a bolt 412, a disc-shaped member 415, a retainer ring 420,and a housing 422. The fastener 410 is structured and functions similarto the fastener 10, except that there is no grommet and the member 415is attached directly to a second side 518 of a work piece 514. In anembodiment, the member 415 can consist of other shapes and sizes. Inother embodiments, the member 415 can be attached to the work piece 514by bonding, adhesives, welding, mechanical means such as rivets or otherfasteners, or other suitable fastening and securing means known in theart.

In another embodiment, the fastener 10 need not include the upper andlower grommets 16, 18 and the housing 22. In this regard, in theembodiments shown in FIGS. 16A and 16B, the retainer ring 20 can beattached directly to the bolt 12 in the manner as described above. Inthis regard, the interior surface 80 of the outer ring 76 of theretainer ring 20 limits the deflection of the beam elements 82.

FIGS. 17A and 17B show an embodiment of a retainer ring 520, a housing522, and a cover 523 that is attached to the housing 522. Referring toFIG. 17A, in an embodiment, the retainer ring 520 includes threeseparate and distinct curvilinear-shaped, cantilevered arms 584, each ofwhich includes a first end 586 having a V-shaped engagement member 594,and a second end 588 opposite the first end 586 and having a U-shapedhook member 589. In an embodiment, the housing 522 includes acircular-shaped outer wall 602 and a circular-shaped inner wall 604spaced apart from and concentric with the outer wall 602. In anembodiment, the outer and inner walls 602, 604 form a circular-shapedchannel 606. In an embodiment, the inner wall 604 includes a pluralityof windows 610 extending therethrough, while the outer wall 604 includesa plurality of T-shaped slots 611 formed therein. In an embodiment, thehousing 522 includes three of the windows 610, which are positionedequidistant from one another, and three of the slots 611 which arepositioned equidistant from one another. Referring to FIG. 17B, in anembodiment, each of the arms 584 of the retainer ring 520 are housedwithin the channel 606 of the housing 522. In this regard, each of thehook members 589 engages a corresponding one of the slots 611 of thehousing 522, while each of the engagement members 594 resides within acorresponding one of the windows 610.

In an embodiment, when a bolt (such as the bolt 12 described above)engages the retainer ring 520, the first ends 586 of the arms 584 aredisplaced and expand radially from a free state position to an expandedposition in order to enable the bolt 12 to travel within the ring 520(not shown in the Figures). During the insertion of the bolt 12, thesecond ends 588 of the arms 584 are secured in place by the engagementof the hook members 589 of the retainer ring 520 with the slots 611 ofthe housing 522. As the bolt 12 is pushed into the retainer ring 520 andthe engagement members 594 engage and align with the annular groove 40of the bolt 12, the arms 584 spring back from their expanded positionsto their free state positions (not shown the Figures). In this manner,the vertices of the engagement members 594 engage and reside within theannular groove 40 of the bolt 12, resulting in the bolt 12 beingcaptivated (not shown in the Figures).

FIGS. 18A and 18B show an embodiment of a retainer ring 720 and ahousing 722. Referring to FIG. 18A, in an embodiment, the retainer ring720 includes a pair of distinct curvilinear-shaped, cantilevered arms784, each of which includes a first end 786 and a second end 788opposite the first end 786, an inner surface 789, and a tab portion 792extending from the inner surface 789 and positioned intermediate thefirst and second ends, 786, 788. In an embodiment, a pressure pad 794extends from each of the tab portions 792. In an embodiment, the housing722 includes a circular-shaped outer wall 802 and a pair of V-shapedcircular-shaped inner walls 804 spaced apart from and concentric withthe outer wall 802. In an embodiment, the outer and inner walls 802, 804form a pair of crescent-shaped channels 806. In an embodiment, the innerwall 804 includes a pair of windows 810 extending therethrough. In anembodiment, each of the windows 810 includes a stop surface 812.Referring to FIG. 18B, in an embodiment, each of the arms 784 of theretainer ring 720 are housed within a corresponding one of the channels806 of the housing 722. In this regard, the inner surface 789 of thearms 784 engage the inner walls 804, while each of tab portions 792resides within a corresponding one of the windows 810.

In an embodiment, as a bolt (such as the bolt 12) engages the retainerring 720, the arms 784 are displaced towards the outer wall 802 in orderto enable the bolt 12 to travel within the retainer ring 720 (not shownin the Figures). In an embodiment, the arms 784 displace until thepressure pads 794 engage the stop surfaces 812 of the housing 722, so asto prevent the arms 784 from traveling too far and permanently deforming(not shown in the Figures). In an embodiment, as the bolt 12 is pushedinto the retainer ring 720 and the pressure pads 794 engage and alignwith the annular groove 40 of the bolt 12, the arms 784 spring back totheir free state positions. In this manner, the pressure pads 794 engageand reside within the annular groove 40 of the bolt 12, resulting in thebolt 12 being captivated.

FIGS. 19A and 19B show an embodiment of a retainer ring 920 and ahousing 922. Referring to FIG. 19A, in an embodiment, the retainer ring920 includes a pair of separate and distinct curvilinear-shaped,cantilevered arms 984, each of which includes a first end 986 having ahook member 987 and a second end 988 opposite the first end 986 having atab portion 992 extending therefrom. In an embodiment, a pressure pad994 extends from each of the tab portions 992. In an embodiment, thehousing 922 includes a circular-shaped outer wall 1002 and a pair ofarc-shaped inner walls 1004 spaced apart from the outer wall 1002. In anembodiment, the inner walls 1004 are offset from one another. In anembodiment, the outer and inner walls 1002, 1004 form a channel 1006. Inan embodiment, the inner wall 1004 includes a pair of windows 1010extending therethrough. In an embodiment, each of the windows 1010includes a stop surface 1012. In an embodiment, a pair of diametricallyopposed tabs 1003 extends from the inner surface of the outer wall 1002and into the channel 1006. Referring to FIG. 19B, in an embodiment, eachof the arms 984 of the retainer ring 920 are housed within the channel1006 of the housing 922. In this regard, inner surfaces 989 of the arms984 engage the inner walls 1004, while each of tab portions 992 resideswithin a corresponding one of the windows 1010. In an embodiment, eachof the hook members 987 engages an end of a corresponding one of theinner walls 1004 and one of the tabs 1003 of the housing 922.

In an embodiment, when a bolt (such as the bolt 12) engages the retainerring 920, the first ends 986 of the arms 984 are displaced and expandradially from a free state position to an expanded position in order toenable the bolt 12 to travel within the retainer ring 920 (not shown inthe Figures). During the insertion of the bolt 12, the second ends 988of the arms 984 are secured in place by the engagement of the hookmembers 987 of the retainer ring 920. In an embodiment, the arms 984displace until the pressure pads 994 engage the stop surfaces 1012 ofthe housing 922, so as to prevent the arms 982 from traveling too farand permanently deforming (not shown in the Figures). In an embodiment,as the bolt 12 is pushed into the retainer ring 920 and the pressurepads 994 engage and align with an annular groove 40 of the bolt, 12 thearms 984 spring back to their free state positions. In this manner, thepressure pads 994 engage and reside within the annular groove 40 of thebolt 12, resulting in the bolt 12 being captivated.

FIG. 20 shows an embodiment of a housing 1122 which includes acircular-shaped outer wall 1202 and a circular-shaped inner wall 1204spaced apart from the outer wall 1202. In an embodiment, the outer andinner walls 1202, 1204 form a channel 1206. In an embodiment, the innerwall 1204 includes a plurality of windows 1210 extending therethrough.In an embodiment, the housing 1122 includes a plurality of T-shapedpawls 1215 which are slidably positioned within the windows 1210. In anembodiment, each of the pawls 1215 includes a pressure pad 1194. In anembodiment, each of the pawls 1215 includes an aperture 1197 adapted toreceive a spring 1199, which is positioned against an inner surface ofthe outer wall 1202.

In an embodiment, when a bolt (such as the bolt 12) engages the housing1122, the pawls 1215 are displaced and slide outwardly towards the outerwall 1202 in order to enable the bolt 12 to travel within the housing1122 (not shown in the Figures). In an embodiment, the pawls 1215displace until the pawls 1215 engage the inner surface of the outer wall1202 (not shown in the Figures). In an embodiment, as the bolt 12 ispushed into the housing 1122 and the pressure pads 1194 engage and alignwith the annular groove 40 of the bolt 12, the pawls 1215 spring backinwardly, and the pressure pads 1194 engage and reside within theannular groove 40 of the bolt 12, resulting in the bolt 12 beingcaptivated (not shown in the Figures).

All such variations and modifications are intended to be included withinthe scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A fastener, comprising: a bolt having anelongated shank portion adapted to be positioned within an opening of awork piece, the work piece having a first side and a second sideopposite the first side, the elongated shank portion having a first end,a second end opposite the first end, a head formed at the first end, athreaded portion having a plurality of external bolt threads, thethreaded portion being adapted to extend past the second side of thework piece, and an annular groove formed proximate to the second end; ahousing having an interior portion; and a retainer ring housed withinthe interior portion of the housing, wherein the elongated shank portionof the bolt is adapted to be installed through the housing, such thatthe retainer ring engages the annular groove of the bolt.
 2. Thefastener of claim 1, wherein the retainer ring includes an outer ringhaving an interior surface and at least one spring beam elementextending from the interior surface, wherein when the bolt engages theretainer ring, the at least one spring beam element is displaced andexpands radially from a free position to an expanded position in orderto enable the bolt to travel through the retainer ring, and wherein whenthe retainer ring engages and aligns with the annular groove of thebolt, the at least one spring beam element springs back to its freeposition.
 3. The fastener of claim 1, wherein the housing includes anouter wall having a plurality of slots, an inner wall having a pluralityof windows, and a channel between the outer wall and the inner wall,wherein the retainer ring includes a plurality of arms, each of whichare positioned within the channel of the housing, wherein each of theplurality of arms of the retainer ring includes a first end having anengagement member residing within a corresponding one of the pluralityof windows of the inner wall of the housing, and a second end having ahook member engaging a corresponding one of the plurality of slots ofthe outer wall of the housing.
 4. The fastener of claim 3, wherein whenthe bolt engages the retainer ring, each of the plurality of arms isdisplaced and expands radially from a free position to an expandedposition in order to enable the bolt to travel through the retainerring, and wherein when the retainer ring engages and aligns with theannular groove of the bolt, each of the plurality of arms springs backto its free position.
 5. The fastener of claim 4, wherein each of theengagement members is V-shaped, and each of the hook members isU-shaped.
 6. The fastener of claim 5, wherein each of the plurality ofarms of the retainer ring are separate and distinct from one another. 7.The fastener of claim 1, wherein the housing includes an outer wall, aplurality of inner walls, a pair of channels, one of which is positionedbetween the outer wall and one of the pair of inner walls and the otherof which is positioned between the outer wall and the other of the pairof inner walls, and a pair of windows, each of which is positionedbetween the pair of inner walls, wherein the retainer ring includes apair of arms each of which includes a first end, a second end, an innersurface, and a tab portion extending from the inner surface andpositioned intermediate the first and second ends of the arm, whereineach of the pair of arms of the retainer ring is positioned within acorresponding one of the pair of channels of the housing, and each ofthe inner surfaces of the arms engage a corresponding one of the pair ofinner walls of the housing, and each of the tab portions of the pair ofarms is positioned within a corresponding one of the pair of windows ofthe housing.
 8. The fastener of claim 7, wherein when the bolt engagesthe retainer ring, each of the pair of arms is displaced and expandsradially from a free position to an expanded position in order to enablethe bolt to travel through the retainer ring, and wherein when theretainer ring engages and aligns with the annular groove of the bolt,each of the plurality of arms springs back to its free position.
 9. Thefastener of claim 8, wherein each of the pair of windows of the housingincludes a stop surface, and wherein each of the tab portions of thepair of arms of the retainer ring includes a pressure pad, wherein wheneach of the pair of arms is in its expanded position, each of thepressure pads contacts a corresponding one of the stop surfaces of thehousing.
 10. The fastener of claim 1, wherein the housing includes anouter wall, a pair of inner walls, a channel between the outer wall andthe pair of inner walls, and a pair of windows, each of which ispositioned between the pair of inner walls and includes a stop surface,wherein the outer wall includes an inner surface and a pair of tabsextending from the inner surface and into the channel, wherein theretainer ring includes a pair of arms, each of which includes a firstend having a hook member, a second end having a tab portion, and aninner surface, wherein the pair of arms of the retainer ring is housedwithin the channel of the housing, and each of the inner surfaces of thepair of arms engages a corresponding one of the pair of inner walls ofthe housing, each of the hook members of the pair of arms engages acorresponding one of the inner walls of the housing and a correspondingone of the pair of tabs of the housing, and each of the tab portions ofthe pair of arms is positioned within a corresponding one of the pair ofwindows of the housing.
 11. The fastener of claim 10, wherein when thebolt engages the retainer ring, each of the pair of arms is displacedand expands radially from a free position to an expanded position inorder to enable the bolt to travel through the retainer ring, andwherein when the retainer ring engages and aligns with the annulargroove of the bolt, each of the plurality of arms springs back to itsfree position.
 12. The fastener of claim 11, wherein each of the pair ofwindows of the housing includes a stop surface, and wherein each of thetab portions of the pair of arms of the retainer ring includes apressure pad, wherein when each of the pair of arms is in its expandedposition, each of the pressure pads contacts a corresponding one of thestop surfaces of the housing.
 13. The fastener of claim 12, wherein thepair of tabs of the housing are diametrically opposed to one another.14. The fastener of claim 12, wherein each of the pair of arms of theretainer ring is separate and distinct from one another.
 15. Thefastener of claim 12, wherein the inner walls of the housing are offsetfrom another.
 16. A fastener, comprising: a bolt having an elongatedshank portion adapted to be positioned within an opening of a workpiece, the work piece having a first side and a second side opposite thefirst side, the elongated shank portion having a first end, a second endopposite the first end, a head formed at the first end, a threadedportion having a plurality of external bolt threads, the threadedportion being adapted to extend past the second side of the work piece,and an annular groove formed proximate to the second end; and a housinghaving an outer wall with an inner surface, an inner wall having aplurality of windows extending therethrough, a channel between the outerwall and the inner wall, and a plurality of pawls, each of which ispositioned slidably within a corresponding one of the plurality ofwindows and moveable between an engagement position and a displacedposition, wherein the elongated shank portion of the bolt is adapted tobe installed through the housing, such that the plurality of pawlsengages the annular groove of the bolt when the pawls are in theirengaged positions.
 17. The fastener of claim 16, wherein the housingincludes a plurality of springs, each of which is positioned radiallywithin the channel between a corresponding one of the plurality of pawlsand the inner surface of the outer wall.
 18. The fastener of claim 17,wherein each of the plurality of pawls includes a pressure pad adaptedto engage the annular groove of the bolt.
 19. The fastener of claim 17,wherein each of the plurality of pawls includes an aperture that issized and shaped to receive one end of a corresponding one of theplurality of springs.
 20. A fastener, comprising: a bolt having anelongated shank portion adapted to be positioned within an opening of awork piece, the work piece having a first side and a second sideopposite the first side, the elongated shank portion having a first end,a second end opposite the first end, a head formed at the first end, athreaded portion having a plurality of external bolt threads, thethreaded portion being adapted to extend past the second side of thework piece, and an annular groove formed proximate to the second end;and a retainer ring including an outer ring having an interior surfaceand at least one spring beam element extending from the interiorsurface, wherein when the bolt engages the retainer ring, the at leastone spring beam element is displaced and expands radially from a freeposition to an expanded position in order to enable the bolt to travelthrough the retainer ring, and wherein when the retainer ring engagesand aligns with the annular groove of the bolt, the at least one springbeam element springs back to its free position.